What’s The Reason Behind the HMPV Outbreak?
10 Jan 2025
8 Mins
A Complete Guide To HMPVIn recent years, global healthcare has been grappling with various respiratory illnesses, but one virus that has quietly emerged as a significant concern is the Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). Although it might not make headlines like COVID-19 [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/covid-19/delta-plus-virus], the HMPV virus is gaining attention for its growing role in respiratory infections [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/respiratory-disorder/prevent-respiratory-infections-foods-to-eat-and-avoid]. As we witness an HMPV outbreak affecting more communities and health experts are taking notice, it’s important to understand what this virus is all about.    The objective of this blog is to provide a complete guide to HMPV, including its symptoms, how it spreads, and the most effective prevention strategies to protect ourselves and our loved ones. Stay with us as we explore how this lesser-known virus is making its mark on public health.   What is HMPV?   HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus) is a respiratory virus that has gained increasing attention in recent years. Despite being in the same family as well-known viruses such as parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), HMPV often flies under the radar in public health discussions. However, its ability to cause respiratory infections, particularly in vulnerable populations, makes it an important virus to understand.   Here’s what you need to know about HMPV:   * Family: Belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, alongside RSV and parainfluenza viruses. * First identified: Discovered in 2001, it has since emerged as a key cause of respiratory infections. * Target group: Primarily affects young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/weak-immune-system]. * Symptoms: Ranges from mild cold-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny nose) to more severe conditions like pneumonia and bronchiolitis. * Transmission: Spread through respiratory droplets, similar to the flu or common cold [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/cold-symptoms]. * Public health Impact: While it often gets overshadowed by more widely discussed viruses, HMPV is a significant contributor to seasonal respiratory illnesses and hospitalisations.   WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF HMPV?   HMPV can cause a variety of respiratory symptoms, which can range in severity. Some of the common symptoms include:   * Coughing: This is often persistent and may produce mucus. * Fever: A high fever may accompany the infection, signalling the body's immune response. * Shortness of Breath: Breathing difficulties or wheezing are frequently reported, particularly in severe cases. * Sore Throat: This symptom can lead to difficulty swallowing and irritation. * Runny Nose: Congestion and a runny nose are common early symptoms of infection. * Fatigue: As with most viral infections, HMPV can lead to extreme tiredness and a general sense of malaise.   In more severe cases, particularly among vulnerable groups like infants and older adults, HMPV symptoms are bronchiolitis or pneumonia [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/respiratory-disorder/all-about-pneumonia], leading to significant respiratory distress.   HOW IS HMPV TRANSMITTED?   Like many respiratory viruses, HMPV mainly spreads through droplets when an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks. It can also be spread through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or through close contact with an infected person.    Also, people can become infected by touching their face after handling contaminated objects, such as doorknobs or cell phones.   HMPV has a seasonal pattern, with increased incidences during the fall and winter months, when people tend to gather indoors, increasing the likelihood of transmission.    Because of its similarity to other common respiratory viruses, it can be difficult to differentiate based on symptoms alone, which highlights the need for accurate diagnostic testing.   Dr Sangeeta V Budur [https://www.asterhospitals.in/doctors/aster-rv-bangalore/dr-sangeeta-v-budur], Consultant - Paediatrics and Paediatric Intensive Care at Aster RV Hospital, said, “It is known to cause a range of illnesses from mild upper respiratory infections to severe pneumonia, bronchiolitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. About 5 to 25% of the acute pediatric lower respiratory tract infections are associated with HMPV. The viral outbreaks peak in winter and spring season in the northern hemisphere and June and July in the southern hemisphere.”   HOW TO PREVENT HMPV?   HMPV prevention involves simple steps that can significantly reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. While there is no specific HMPV vaccine available yet, researchers are actively exploring options. In the meantime, here are some strategies to prevent HMPV:   Prevention Strategy Description 1. Good hygiene practicesWash hands with soap and water for at least 20 secs, mainly after coughing, sneezing, or touching shared surfaces. If soap is unavailable, use hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol.2. Cover coughs and sneezesAlways use a tissue or handkerchief to cover your mouth and nose to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.3. Disinfect surfacesRegularly clean and disinfect often touched surfaces like doorknobs, light switches, and smartphones.4. Avoid close contact with sick individualsStay a safe distance away from anyone showing symptoms of a respiratory infection.5. Wear masksWearing a mask in crowded places or when in close contact with an ill person can help reduce virus transmission.6. Boost immunity [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/top-10-ways-to-improve-immune-system]Maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper diet, regular exercise, and adequate rest to support a strong immune system.   HOW TO DIAGNOSE HMPV?   Diagnosing HMPV is primarily based on clinical symptoms and laboratory testing. Due to the similarities in signs & symptoms with other respiratory infections, healthcare providers may recommend:   * PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing: This test is generally used to detect the genetic material of the virus from respiratory samples. * Antigen testing: A rapid diagnostic test that can detect viral proteins and offer quicker results, though it may be less sensitive than PCR. * Chest X-ray: For severe cases where pneumonia or other complications are suspected, a chest X-ray may be performed to assess lung health.   WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR HMPV?   Currently, there is no specific antiviral HMPV treatment. The management of the infection focuses on symptomatic relief:   * Rest: Adequate rest allows the body to fight off the infection. * Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids helps thin mucus and keeps the body hydrated. * Over-the-counter medications: Medications like acetaminophen [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/paracetamol-acetaminophen] or ibuprofen can help alleviate fever and discomfort. Always follow your healthcare provider’s guidance regarding dosage and safety. * Inhalers or nebulisers: For patients with significant breathing difficulties [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/respiratory-disorder/lung-diseases-prevention-cure], bronchodilators may be prescribed to open airways.   DOES HMPV THREATEN A COVID-19 RETURN?   As the world continues to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, many are wondering whether HMPV could play a role in a resurgence of respiratory illnesses. While HMPV is a concerning virus, it does not seem to pose the same level of threat as COVID-19, which was caused by a novel virus with the ability to spread rapidly across populations.   * However, co-circulation of HMPV and COVID-19 may lead to a higher burden on healthcare systems, especially during peak viral seasons. * Both viruses primarily affect the respiratory system, and co-infection with both could lead to more severe symptoms. * This makes it important to continue monitoring HMPV alongside COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses. * Moreover, the precautions we have taken for COVID-19, such as wearing masks and practising good hygiene, may also help limit the spread of HMPV, reducing its overall impact.   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS   1. What are the HMPV symptoms in infants under 6 months?   Infants under 6 months with HMPV may experience symptoms such as a cough, fever, and runny nose. In more severe cases, they can show signs of HMPV shortness of breath in children, including rapid breathing and difficulty breathing.   2. What are the HMPV home remedies for babies?   For babies with HMPV, ensure they stay hydrated and rest well. Using a humidifier can help ease breathing, and saline nasal drops may relieve congestion. Always consult a healthcare professional before trying any remedies.   3. How to treat HMPV in babies?    To treat HMPV in babies, ensure they stay hydrated, monitor their breathing, and provide fever relief as recommended by a healthcare professional for high-risk infants, discuss the possibility of HMPV vaccination for high-risk infants with a doctor to help prevent severe infections.   4. Is HMPV contagious?   Yes, HMPV infection is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. It can lead to HMPV complications such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, especially in vulnerable individuals. If symptoms persist, an HMPV test can help confirm the infection.   5. How long does HMPV last for?   HMPV typically lasts for about 1 to 2 weeks, with symptoms gradually improving. However, in some cases, especially in young children or the elderly, recovery may take longer if complications arise.   6. Why are children more infected by HMPV?   Children, especially infants and young toddlers, are more susceptible to HMPV in children because their immune systems are still developing, and they have smaller airways, making them more prone to respiratory infections. This increases their risk of severe symptoms and complications.   7. Is HMPV worse than RSV?   HMPV vs RSV can both cause similar respiratory symptoms, but HMPV is generally less well-known and may lead to less severe cases compared to RSV. However, both viruses can cause serious complications, especially in vulnerable groups like infants and the elderly.   8. Is HMPV curable?   There is no specific cure for HMPV, but most cases are resolved with supportive care, such as hydration and fever management. In severe cases, medical treatment may be required to address complications, especially in high-risk individuals.   9. Is HMPV a serious disease?   HMPV can be serious, mainly for vulnerable groups like infants, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. While many cases are mild, they can cause severe respiratory infections like pneumonia or bronchiolitis in high-risk people.   10. How many cases of HMPV in India?   As of 9 January 2025, 11 cases of HMPV have been reported in India. Of the 11 reported cases so far, two were from Bengaluru, one from Gujarat, two from Chennai, and three from Kolkata. Additionally, two cases were reported in Nagpur and one in Mumbai, all testing positive for HMPV.   WRAPPING UP   HMPV has recently gained significant attention due to its growing impact, particularly on vulnerable groups. Understanding its symptoms, transmission, and prevention methods is key to reducing its spread. As respiratory infections continue to affect communities, it's more important than ever to practice good hygiene and seek medical advice when needed. By staying informed and taking proactive steps, we can protect ourselves and others from the risks of HMPV and other respiratory viruses.   Stay vigilant, stay safe, and take action to safeguard your health!   REFERENCES   1. Uddin S, Thomas M. Human Metapneumovirus. 2023 Jul 17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809745/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809745/] 2. Haas LE, Thijsen SF, van Elden L, Heemstra KA. Human metapneumovirus in adults. Viruses. 2013 Jan 8;5(1):87-110. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564111/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564111/] 3. Døllner H, Risnes K, Radtke A, Nordbø SA. Outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in Norwegian children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15131467/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15131467/] 4. https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html [https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html]
Dr Deva Prasath S
A Complete Guide On Glioma
6 Jan 2025
8 Mins
Glioma Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment OptionsGlioma, a type of tumour, is one of the most common and aggressive forms of brain cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/brain-tumor-facts]. It is marked by abnormal growth of glial cells in the brain. Glioma cancer can affect various parts of the brain, leading to a range of symptoms.    The objective of this blog is to explore the causes, common symptoms, and current treatment options for glioma, shedding light on this challenging condition and offering insights into possible treatment options.   WHAT IS GLIOMA AND ITS TYPES?   A glioma is a type of tumour that originates in the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord. Glial cells are the supportive cells that help maintain the function and structure of the nervous system. Gliomas are classified based on the type of glial cell they originate from, and they can vary in their degree of malignancy (how cancerous they are).   There are several types of gliomas, including:   1. Astrocytomas: These arise from astrocytes, a type of glial cell. The most common type of astrocytoma is glioblastoma, which is highly aggressive and malignant.   2. Oligodendrogliomas: These develop from oligodendrocytes, cells that produce the protective covering (myelin) around nerve fibres.   3. Ependymomas: These tumours form from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord.   4. Mixed gliomas: These contain a combination of the different types of glial cells.   Gliomas are classified into grades based on how the tumour cells look under a microscope:   Grades Description Grade I (low grade)Tumours that grow slowly and are less likely to spread.Grade II (low grade)Tumours that are still slow-growing but can become more aggressive over time.Grade III (anaplastic)Malignant tumours that are more aggressive and tend to grow faster.Grade IV (glioblastoma)Highly malignant and aggressive, these tumours grow rapidly and are difficult to treat.   WHAT ARE THE GLIOMA SYMPTOMS?   Symptoms of gliomas may include:   * Continuous headaches [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/daily-headaches] * Seizures * Memory problems and cognitive decline * Personality or behavioural changes like irritability and mood swings * Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body * Visual problems (blurred or double vision, loss of peripheral vision) * Sensory changes (numbness or tingling) * Speech or language problems (difficulty speaking or understanding) * Balance and coordination problems * Nausea and vomiting (usually worse in the morning) * Extreme tiredness * Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain) * Incontinence (loss of bladder or bowel control)   WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF GLIOMA?   The causes of glioma are:   Cause Description 1. Genetic MutationsMutations in genes like IDH1 or TP53 can lead to abnormal cell growth and glioma development.2. Family HistoryA family history of gliomas or inherited conditions like Neurofibromatosis or Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases risk.3. Radiation ExposureIonising radiation (e.g., radiation therapy to the head) increases the risk of gliomas.4. AgeThe risk of developing gliomas increases with age, especially after 50.5. GenderMen have a higher likelihood of developing gliomas, though certain types affect both genders equally.6. Environmental FactorsExposure to chemicals such as pesticides or solvents may increase the risk, though the link is unclear.7. Immune System FactorsConditions that weaken the immune system, such as autoimmune diseases [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/immune-disorders/most-common-types-of-autoimmune-diseases], may increase risk.8. Previous CancersPeople with a history of other cancers, particularly brain cancers, may have a higher risk of gliomas.   WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR GLIOMA?   Glioma treatment depends on various factors, such as the tumour's type, grade, location, and the patient's overall health. The common options include:   1. Surgery   Surgeons aim to remove as much of the tumour as possible while preserving brain function. They may use advanced techniques, like awake craniotomy, where the patient is awake during part of the surgery, to monitor brain activity. However, gliomas can infiltrate surrounding healthy tissue, making complete removal difficult.   2. Radiation Therapy   Radiation therapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/difference-between-radiation-therapy-and-chemotherapy] is used after surgery to target any remaining tumour cells or to shrink the tumour before surgery. External beam radiation uses high-energy beams directed at the tumour, while stereotactic radiosurgery delivers precise radiation to small or hard-to-reach tumours. It’s often used when gliomas can’t be fully removed or if the tumour recurs.   3. Chemotherapy   Chemotherapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/understanding-chemotherapy-in-cancer-care] uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. Drugs like Temozolomide [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/temozolomide] (TMZ) or Carmustine [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/carmustine] (BCNU) are commonly used after surgery and radiation to target any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy is especially important for treating high-grade gliomas like glioblastoma, which are more aggressive.   4. Targeted Therapy   Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecules or mutations that drive tumour growth. For instance, Bevacizumab [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/bevacizumab] (Avastin) blocks the formation of blood vessels that supply the tumour, cutting off its oxygen and nutrient supply. This approach is used when gliomas have specific genetic mutations.   5. Immunotherapy   Immunotherapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cancer-immunotherapy] strengthens the body’s immune response against the tumour. Drugs like nivolumab [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/nivolumab] or pembrolizumab [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/pembrolizumab] help the immune system recognise and attack tumour cells. This is still being researched but may be an option for recurrent or treatment-resistant gliomas.     Dr Venkatesh Madhugiri [https://www.linkedin.com/in/venkatesh-m-ab70b94a/], Radiosurgeon and Neuro-oncologist at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, said, “There are several receptor-specific anti-inflammatory agents available today. Another very promising treatment option is the use of immunotherapy, which has demonstrated benefits in other types of cancers. Clinical trials of these agents in glioblastoma are only beginning.”   6. Tumor Treating Fields (TTF)   Tumor-treating fields use electric fields to disrupt tumour cell division. Patients wear a device on their scalp that delivers these fields to target glioblastomas, often alongside chemotherapy.   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS   1. what is glioblastoma?   Glioblastoma is an aggressive and fast-growing brain tumour that originates in the glial cells. It is the most common and severe form of glioma, known for its resistance to treatment and rapid progression.   2. What are the main symptoms associated with glioma vs glioblastoma?   Both glioma and glioblastoma can cause symptoms like headaches, seizures, nausea, and changes in vision or speech. However, glioblastoma often leads to more rapid onset of symptoms, including cognitive changes, weakness, and motor impairment, due to its faster growth.   3. What is the survival rate for glioma?    The survival rate for glioma varies depending on its type and grade. Low-grade gliomas may have a survival rate of 5-10 years or more, while high-grade gliomas, such as glioblastoma, typically have a survival rate of 12-18 months. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.   4. Can a glioma be cured?    A glioma can sometimes be managed or controlled, but it is rarely completely cured, especially in high-grade forms like glioblastoma. Treatment aims to remove or shrink the tumour and relieve symptoms, but gliomas can often recur due to their aggressive nature. Early detection and ongoing treatment can improve quality of life and survival rates.   5. Are astrocytoma and glioblastoma the same?   Astrocytoma and glioblastoma are related but not the same. Glioblastoma is a more aggressive and advanced form of astrocytoma, typically classified as a grade IV tumour, while astrocytomas can range from low-grade (I or II) to high-grade (III or IV). Glioblastoma is a type of high-grade astrocytoma.   6. What is the life expectancy of a person with a glioma?   The life expectancy of a person with a glioma depends on factors such as the tumour's grade, location, and treatment. On average, survival ranges from a few months to several years.   7. Does glioma mean cancer?   Yes, glioma is a type of brain cancer that originates in the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord.   8. What is the difference between a glioma and a brain tumour?   A glioma is a specific type of brain tumour that originates from glial cells, which support nerve cells. A brain tumour, on the other hand, refers to any abnormal growth in the brain, including various types like gliomas, meningiomas, and others.   WRAPPING UP   While glioma presents crucial challenges, ongoing advancements in research and treatment offer hope for better management and improved outcomes. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and available treatments can help patients and families to make informed decisions. With continued progress in medical care, there is optimism for more effective therapies and improved quality of life for those affected by glioma, offering a more hopeful glioma prognosis for the future.   REFERENCES   1. Mesfin FB, Karsonovich T, Al-Dhahir MA. Gliomas. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28722904/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28722904/] 2. Lee JH, Wee CW. Treatment of Adult Gliomas: A Current Update. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9833488/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9833488/] 3. Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/]
Dr Deva Prasath S
Lupus disease
2 Jan 2025
8 mins
Lupus Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment GuideWhen was the last time you heard about lupus? For most people, it’s a passing mention in a medical drama or a vague term they can’t quite pin down. But for those living with it, lupus is far from vague—it’s a chronic autoimmune disease that impacts every aspect of life. The scope of this blog is to shed light on this often-misunderstood condition by exploring its symptoms, causes, and treatment options. Our objective is to create awareness, provide clarity, and empower readers with actionable knowledge about lupus in a way that’s clear, conversational, and most importantly, human.   WHAT IS LUPUS DISEASE?   Lupus, or aka systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/immune-disorders/most-common-types-of-autoimmune-diseases]. To put it simply, your immune system, which is designed to protect you, gets a little overzealous and starts attacking your own tissues and organs. Think of it as an overprotective security system that mistakes you for the intruder. This autoimmune assault causes inflammation, pain, and damage that can affect almost any part of the body—including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and even the brain.   There are several types of lupus, with SLE being the most common. Others include:   * Cutaneous lupus: Affects the skin, often causing rashes and lesions. * Drug-induced lupus: Triggered by certain medications, but symptoms usually disappear after stopping the drug. * Neonatal lupus: A rare condition affecting newborns of mothers with lupus.   WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF LUPUS?   Here’s the tricky part: lupus is a master of disguise. Its symptoms often mimic other conditions, earning it the nickname “the great imitator.” But while the disease can be elusive, there are hallmark signs that can help identify it:   1. THE LUPUS BUTTERFLY RASH   One of the most recognisable signs of lupus is the butterfly-shaped rash across your cheeks and nose. While it sounds poetic, the reality is far from glamorous. This rash can be itchy, painful, and emotionally taxing for those who experience it, often appearing or worsening after sun exposure.     2. LUPUS JOINT PAIN   Achy, swollen joints are another classic symptom of lupus. For some, it feels like waking up after running a marathon—except you haven’t left your bed.     3. LUPUS FATIGUE   Fatigue is a cornerstone of lupus symptoms. This isn’t your average “I need a nap” tired; it’s a bone-deep exhaustion that can make even the smallest tasks feel insurmountable.     4. LUPUS KIDNEY DISEASE   Also known as lupus nephritis, this condition occurs when lupus attacks the kidneys, leading to symptoms like swelling in the legs and feet, high blood pressure [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/hypertension/high-blood-pressure-symptoms], and foamy urine. Without proper treatment, it may progress to kidney failure.   5. OTHER SYMPTOMS   The list doesn’t stop there. Lupus can also cause: * Hair loss * Chest pain due to swelling surrounding the heart or lungs * Memory issues and difficulty concentrating (“lupus fog”) * Sensitivity to sunlight * Fever without infection It’s important to note that not all symptoms appear at once. They can come and go, making lupus even harder to diagnose.   WHAT IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF LUPUS?   The million-dollar question: what causes lupus? Unfortunately, there’s no single answer, but research points to a combination of factors:   1. GENETICS   Having a close family member with lupus or another autoimmune disease can increase your risk. But it’s not a guarantee—genes may load the gun, but something else pulls the trigger.     2. ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS   Factors like sunlight, infections, and even certain medications can trigger lupus in folks who are genetically predisposed. For instance, ultraviolet (UV) light is a known trigger for lupus rashes and flares. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17153842/]     3. HORMONAL FACTORS   Lupus is most common in women, especially during their childbearing years, suggesting a strong link to hormones like estrogen. In fact, women make up about 90% of lupus cases.     4. STRESS AND LIFESTYLE   While not a direct cause, chronic stress and unhealthy lifestyle choices can exacerbate symptoms or contribute to flares.   HOW IS LUPUS DIAGNOSED?   Diagnosing lupus can feel like solving a complex jigsaw puzzle. There’s no single test to confirm it, so doctors rely on a mix of:   1. BLOOD AND URINE TESTS   * Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test: About 97% of people with lupus have a +ve ANA test, but a positive result alone isn’t conclusive. * Complete Blood Count (CBC): Can detect anaemia [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/haematology/main-causes-iron-deficiency-anemia], low white blood cell counts, or low platelet levels, all of which are common in lupus. * Urinalysis: Checks for proteins or red blood cells in the urine, which may indicate kidney involvement.     2. IMAGING TESTS   X-rays and echocardiograms can help detect damage to internal organs caused by lupus inflammation.     3. BIOPSIES   A kidney or skin biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, especially if lupus nephritis is suspected.   It’s worth noting that according to the Lupus Foundation of America [https://www.lupus.org/news/lupus-foundation-of-america-survey-more-than-half-of-americans-lack-awareness-understanding-of-lupus], it takes an average of six years for someone to receive a proper lupus diagnosis after the first symptoms appear. This delay highlights the need for greater awareness and more precise diagnostic tools.   WHAT’S THE TREATMENT FOR LUPUS?   There’s no cure for lupus (yet), but treatment options have come a long way in helping people manage symptoms and prevent complications. The goal is simple: control inflammation, suppress the overactive immune system, and protect organs from damage.   1. LUPUS MEDICATIONS   * Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Over-the-counter options like ibuprofen or prescription NSAIDs can relieve pain and reduce inflammation. * Antimalarial Drugs: Medications like hydroxychloroquine are a game-changer for many lupus patients, helping with skin and joint symptoms as well as preventing flares. * Corticosteroids: These powerful anti-inflammatory medicines are often used for severe lupus, but they come with side effects like weight gain and high BP (blood pressure). * Immunosuppressants: Medications like azathioprine [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/azathioprine] or mycophenolate suppress the immune system, helping to control more severe cases. * Biologics: A newer class of drugs, such as belimumab, targets specific parts of the immune system, offering a more tailored approach.     2. LIFESTYLE ADJUSTMENTS   * Lupus Diet: While there’s no one-size-fits-all diet for lupus, anti-inflammatory foods like leafy greens, berries, and fatty fish can help. Avoiding processed foods, excessive salt, and alcohol is crucial, especially for those with kidney or cardiovascular complications. * Exercise: Low-impact activities like yoga, swimming, or walking can improve joint pain, boost energy, and enhance overall well-being. * Stress Management: Constant stress is a known trigger for lupus flares. Meditation, journalling, mindfulness, and even simple breathing exercises can make a big difference.     3. REGULAR MONITORING   Frequent check-ups with your healthcare team are essential to track disease activity and catch complications like kidney or heart damage early.   WHICH HOSPITAL IS BEST FOR LUPUS TREATMENT IN INDIA?   Finding the right hospital for lupus treatment is crucial for managing this chronic autoimmune disease effectively. Here are some of the best hospitals you can consider for lupus & Other Fatal Autoimmune Diseases [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/immune-disorders/fatal-autoimmune-diseases] treatment:   Hospital Specialisation  Financial Aid & Special Schemes Apollo Hospitals Advanced diagnostic and treatment facilities for autoimmune diseases, including lupus. - Patient assistance programs for low-income individuals. - Health insurance partnerships. - Easy EMI options for treatment costs. AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences), New Delhi - Prestigious government institution offering comprehensive care for autoimmune diseases. - Highly subsidised treatment for affordability. - Special schemes for financially disadvantaged patients. Medanta – The Medicity, Gurgaon - Specialised Department of Rheumatology for lupus diagnosis and treatment. - Multi-disciplinary approach. - Financial assistance through insurance programs. - Customised packages based on patient needs. - Discounts for long-term treatment. Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon - Advanced care for lupus and related complications like kidney disease and joint pain. - Financial assistance program for underprivileged patients. - Discounted consultation fees. - Free or reduced-cost diagnostic tests. Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore - Renowned rheumatology department for managing lupus. - Holistic approach, including mental health support. - Financial aid through community outreach programs and NGO partnerships. - Subsidised treatment for financially constrained patients.   LIVING WITH LUPUS: THRIVING, NOT JUST SURVIVING   Living with lupus can feel overwhelming, but it’s possible to lead a fulfilling life. Here are some tips:   * Understand Your Triggers: Keep a journal to identify patterns—whether it’s certain foods, stress, or environmental factors like sunlight. * Build a Support System: Whether it’s joining a local support group or connecting online, sharing experiences with other people who “get it” can be incredibly validating. * Educate Yourself: The more you know about lupus, the better equipped you’ll be to advocate for your health.   SURPRISING STATS ABOUT LUPUS   * Lupus affects an estimated 5 million people worldwide, with 1.5 million in the U.S. alone. * Lupus is 2-3 times more prevalent among women of colour compared to Caucasian women. * 10-15% of lupus patients develop severe kidney disease [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/kidney-disease] requiring dialysis or transplant. * Early diagnosis and proper treatment have improved the 5-year survival rate for lupus patients to over 90%.   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS   Q.1) IS LUPUS TREATABLE?   Lupus is not curable, but it is highly manageable with the right medical care and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically involves a combination of medicines like immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, and antimalarials to control symptoms and prevent flare-ups. Early diagnosis and a tailored treatment plan are crucial to reducing complications. Advances in biologics and research into targeted therapies are offering hope for more effective treatments in the future.   Q.2) CAN PEOPLE WITH LUPUS LIVE A NORMAL LIFE?   Yes, with proper management, many people with lupus can lead a normal and fulfilling life. Key factors include adhering to treatment plans, regular monitoring of symptoms, and adopting a healthy lifestyle to reduce stress and inflammation. While flare-ups can occur, understanding triggers and working closely with healthcare providers can help minimise their impact. Emotional support and self-care are also important for lupus patients.   Q.3) WHAT FOOD TO AVOID WITH LUPUS?   People with lupus should avoid foods that can trigger inflammation or interfere with medications, such as processed foods, red meat, and high-sodium snacks. Alfalfa sprouts are particularly risky as they contain amino acids that may trigger lupus symptoms. Limiting alcohol and caffeine intake is also recommended, as these can exacerbate fatigue and affect medication efficacy. Instead, focus on an anti-inflammatory diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/omega-3-fatty-acids], and whole grains.   Q.4) WILL LUPUS RASH GO AWAY?   Lupus rashes, such as the characteristic butterfly rash, often subside with effective treatment and by avoiding triggers like sun exposure. Using prescribed topical steroids or anti-inflammatory creams can speed up healing. Protecting the skin with sunscreen and wearing protective clothing can prevent rashes from worsening. However, chronic or recurrent rashes may require systemic treatments, and consulting a dermatologist can provide additional options for managing skin symptoms.   Q.5) IS LUPUS CAUSED BY LIFESTYLE?   Lupus is not directly caused by lifestyle, as it primarily stems from genetic and environmental factors that trigger an immune system malfunction. However, lifestyle choices can influence the severity and frequency of symptoms. Chronic stress, lack of sleep, and an unhealthy diet can exacerbate flare-ups, while a balanced lifestyle may help in managing the disease. Maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, and avoiding known triggers can significantly reduce lupus complications.   Q.6) IS LUPUS FATAL?   While lupus itself is not always fatal, complications from the disease can be life-threatening. Conditions like lupus nephritis, cardiovascular disease, or severe infections can arise if the disease is not managed effectively. So, can lupus kill you? In severe cases, it is possible, but advancements in medical care have significantly improved survival rates. Early diagnosis and treatment play a crucial role in reducing risks. For most people, lupus is manageable with the right approach, and with proper care, it’s unlikely that lupus disease will kill you.   Q.7) HOW DANGEROUS IS LUPUS?   Lupus can be highly dangerous due to its systemic nature, which allows it to impact multiple organs and lead to severe complications. Can lupus disease kill you? The answer lies in how well the disease is managed and whether complications like kidney failure or heart disease occur. Will lupus kill you if left untreated? While this is a possibility in severe cases, timely medical intervention and lifestyle adjustments can greatly reduce the likelihood of fatal outcomes. The unpredictability of lupus makes vigilance and proactive care essential.   FINAL THOUGHTS   Lupus isn’t just a medical condition—it’s a life-altering journey that requires resilience, support, and proactive care. While it can be challenging, advances in research and a better understanding of the disease are giving patients more tools than ever to manage it effectively.   If you or someone you know has lupus, remember you’re not alone. By staying informed, advocating for yourself, and embracing a supportive community, it’s possible to live a full and vibrant life despite the challenges.   REFERENCES 1. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lupus/ [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lupus/] 2. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/lupus [https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/lupus] 3. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/lupus/diagnosis-treatment-and-steps-to-take [https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/lupus/diagnosis-treatment-and-steps-to-take] 4. https://www.apollohospitals.com/book-doctor-appointment/lupus/treatment/ [https://www.apollohospitals.com/book-doctor-appointment/lupus/treatment/] 5. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-024-01898-7 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-024-01898-7] 6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568997224001393 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568997224001393] 
Sakshi Anil More
Hashimoto's Disease
24 Dec 2024
7 min
Hashimoto's Disease: Symptoms, Causes And TreatmentsWhen was the last time you thought about your thyroid gland? Probably never, unless you’ve faced health issues related to it. This tiny butterfly-shaped gland in your neck plays a massive role in regulating your metabolism, energy, and overall health. Now, imagine your immune system—designed to protect your body—mistakenly attacking this vital gland. This is the reality for people living with Hashimoto’s Disease, a condition that’s more common than you might think.    This blog explores the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Hashimoto’s Disease, highlighting its impact and the importance of early diagnosis. Whether you’re facing thyroid concerns or curious about your health, this guide offers key insights into managing this autoimmune disorder effectively.   WHAT IS HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE?   Hashimoto's Disease, also known as Hashimoto thyroid disease [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/common-thyroid-problems-diseases-in-india], is a chronic autoimmune condition. In this disorder, the immune system identifies the thyroid gland as a danger and attacks it, leading to inflammation and damage. Over time, this damage can impair the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones, causing hypothyroidism.   If you’re wondering, what is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the terms are interchangeable. The term "thyroiditis" describes inflammation affecting the thyroid gland. It’s the leading cause of hypothyroidism worldwide and affects millions of people, especially women.   Actor Arjun Kapoor has publicly shared his experience [https://www.msn.com/en-in/health/other/all-you-need-to-know-about-autoimmune-ailment-hashimoto-s-thyroiditis/ar-AA1u4fz0?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=EDGEESS&cvid=92b108fcec0a42cb80a2a9653159fd30&ei=20] with Hashimoto’s disease, shedding light on its challenges and inspiring others to seek timely diagnosis and treatment.   WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE?   Spotting Hashimoto's disease symptoms early can make a huge difference. However, the condition often develops slowly, and symptoms may not be noticeable at first. Here are some signs to watch for:   1. Fatigue: Feeling drained despite adequate rest.   2. Weight gain: Unexplained weight increase, even with normal eating habits.   3. Sensitivity to cold: Always feeling chilly, even when others are comfortable.   4. Hair thinning or loss: Hair becomes brittle or sparse.   5. Dry skin: Persistent dryness, even with moisturising.   6. Constipation [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/gastroenterology/types-of-constipation]: Slow digestion is a common symptom.   7. Depression or anxiety [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/mental-wellness/anxiety-depression-india]: Changes in mood or mental health.   8. Swelling in the neck: It is caused by an enlarged thyroid or goitre.   Many people dismiss these symptoms as minor or unrelated, but ignoring them can lead to more severe complications.   So, how serious is Hashimoto’s disease?    While it isn’t life-threatening with proper management, leaving it untreated can lead to significant health issues. Over time, prolonged hypothyroidism can affect:   * Heart health: Elevated cholesterol levels and heart disease. * Mental health: Severe depression or cognitive decline. * Fertility: Difficulty conceiving due to hormonal imbalances. * Energy levels: Constant fatigue that disrupts daily life.   In extreme cases, untreated Hashimoto’s can result in myxedema [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4129354/], a rare but life-threatening condition characterised by intense hypothyroidism symptoms.   CAN HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE BE CURED?   One of the most frequently asked questions is, can Hashimoto’s disease be cured? Unfortunately, the answer is no. It’s a lifelong condition without a definitive cure. However, it’s highly manageable. With an effective mix of medical treatment, lifestyle adjustments, and regular monitoring, individuals can lead healthy, fulfilling lives.   WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE?   Hashimoto’s disease complications primarily stem from long-term, untreated hypothyroidism. Some of the most common complications are:   1. Goiter: Swelling of the thyroid gland, which can cause difficulty swallowing or breathing.   2. Infertility: Hormonal imbalances can make it difficult to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term.   3. Heart problems: Hypothyroidism can elevate cholesterol levels [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3109527/], increasing the risk of heart disease [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/heart-care/six-most-common-heart-diseases].   4. Depression: The condition often impacts mental health, leading to prolonged periods of low mood.   5. Developmental issues: In pregnant individuals, untreated hypothyroidism can affect the baby’s growth and brain development.   INSIGHTS INTO DIAGNOSING HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS   When it comes to understanding the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s disease, medical studies provide detailed perspectives:   * Histology: Under the microscope, the thyroid shows infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Follicles are often destroyed, replaced by fibrosis. This cellular activity is a hallmark of Hashimoto’s. * Cytology: Fine-needle aspiration cytology can reveal Hurthle cells, lymphocytic infiltration, and atrophic thyroid follicles—all key indicators of the disease. * Radiology: Ultrasound imaging is a vital diagnostic tool. A thyroid affected by Hashimoto’s appears heterogeneous, hypoechoic, and irregular. These characteristics help distinguish it from other thyroid conditions. * Gross appearance: In advanced cases, the thyroid may become firm and nodular, with visible enlargement or shrinkage during surgery.   These diagnostic tools are crucial for confirming a diagnosis alongside clinical symptoms and blood tests.   TREATMENT OF HASHIMOTO’S AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE   Managing Hashimoto’s disease involves a combination of medical treatment and lifestyle changes. Here are the key approaches:   1. Thyroid hormone therapy: Synthetic hormones, such as levothyroxine, help replace the hormones the thyroid no longer produces.   2. Diet and nutrition: Focus on selenium and iodine intake, but consult a doctor to avoid excesses that can worsen the condition. Including anti-inflammatory foods and maintaining a balanced diet [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/benefits-of-eating-healthy] supports overall health.   3. Stress management: Chronic stress can exacerbate autoimmune activity. Practices like mindfulness, yoga, or deep breathing can help.   4. Regular monitoring: Routine blood tests to track TSH, T3, and T4 levels ensure treatment remains effective.   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS)   Q.1) IS HYPOTHYROIDISM AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE?   Yes, hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/immune-disorders/most-common-types-of-autoimmune-diseases]. It’s the result of the immune system mistakenly attacking the thyroid gland, leading to reduced hormone production. This autoimmune process distinguishes it from other forms of hypothyroidism, such as iodine deficiency.   Q.2) WHICH AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER WILL EVENTUALLY DESTROY THE THYROID GLAND?   The most common autoimmune disorder that progressively damages and destroys the thyroid gland is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Over time, the inflammation caused by the immune attack leads to diminished thyroid function, resulting in hypothyroidism.   Q.3) HOW TO TREAT HASHIMOTO’S AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE?   Treatment includes hormone replacement therapy, dietary changes, and stress management [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/mental-wellness/relieve-mental-stress] to alleviate symptoms and maintain overall health.   Q.4) WHAT IS THE ICD-10 CODE FOR HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE?   The ICD-10 code for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is E06.3. This code is used in medical records to identify and classify the condition accurately.   Q.4) IS AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS THE SAME AS HASHIMOTO?   Yes, autoimmune thyroiditis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis refer to the same condition. Both terms describe the immune system’s attack on the thyroid gland.   Q.5) WHAT DOES HASHIMOTO'S FEEL LIKE?   Living with Hashimoto’s often feels like a mix of persistent fatigue, brain fog, and physical discomfort. Many people experience overwhelming exhaustion, even after restful sleep. They may struggle with brain fog, which makes it hard to focus or recall information. Sensitivity to cold is common, as is joint and muscle pain without an obvious cause.    Emotional challenges, such as anxiety or depression, frequently accompany the physical symptoms. Overall, Hashimoto’s can significantly impact daily life, making even simple tasks seem daunting. If these feelings sound familiar, consulting a healthcare professional is essential for diagnosis and support.   TAKING CONTROL OF YOUR HEALTH!   Hashimoto’s disease is a complex condition, but it doesn’t have to control your life. By staying informed, seeking timely treatment, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, you can effectively control the symptoms effectively and prevent complications. Don’t hesitate to consult your doctor if you suspect any symptoms; early intervention is key.   This is more than just a health condition—it’s a reminder of the importance of listening to your body. Equip yourself with knowledge and take intentional steps to support your thyroid health.   REFERENCES    1. Mincer DL, Jialal I. Hashimoto Thyroiditis. 2023 Jul 29. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 29083758. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083758/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083758/] 2. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-disease [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-disease] 3. https://www.thyroid.org/hashimotos-thyroiditis/ [https://www.thyroid.org/hashimotos-thyroiditis/] 4. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/causes/ [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/causes/]
Sakshi Anil More
Tackling Typhoid & Colitis Flare-Ups During Winter
12 Dec 2024
8 Mins
What Are the Best Ways to Manage Typhoid and Colitis Flare-Ups During Winter?As winter arrives, people with chronic conditions like typhoid and colitis face unique challenges. Cold weather can trigger flare-ups, leading to discomfort. Managing these flare-ups in the colder months requires careful planning and awareness of environmental factors that can worsen symptoms.   If you’ve been wondering how to manage your colitis flare-ups or boost your immune system [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/top-10-ways-to-improve-immune-system] during typhoid recovery this winter, you’re in the right place. The objective of this blog is to provide practical, research-backed strategies to help you stay healthy and reduce flare-ups during the season.   WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF WINTER ON TYPHOID AND COLITIS FLARE-UPS?   Typhoid fever and colitis may seem unrelated, but winter can affect both conditions in surprising ways. Understanding how cold weather impacts your immune system, diet, and lifestyle is important for managing flare-ups effectively.   1. Typhoid fever in winter: Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacterium, which grows in contaminated food and water. During winter, the risk of typhoid can increase, specifically if you are travelling or consuming foods that are not properly stored. Also, winter’s cold air can affect your immune system, making it harder to fight off infections.   2. Colitis flare-up in winter: Colitis, an inflammation of the colon, often worsens in the colder months. For many people, colitis flare-ups can be triggered by freezing temperatures, stress [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/mental-wellness/relieve-mental-stress], and even certain winter foods. Cold weather can reduce your body's ability to handle stress, a common trigger for colitis. Moreover, comfort foods like heavy, fatty dishes, common in winter diets, can also irritate the colon, leading to flare-ups.   Both conditions require you to be proactive and strategic in managing symptoms during winter, ensuring you stay healthy through the cold season.   5 EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO MANAGE TYPHOID AND COLITIS FLARE-UPS DURING WINTER   Now that we know winter’s impact on typhoid and colitis, here are five key strategies that will help you keep flare-ups under control and your immune system strong.   Strategy Action plan Supercharge your immune system * Winter stress can weaken immunity. Boost it with vitamin D (supplements [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/vitamin-d3] or foods [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/foods-high-in-vitamin-d] like fatty fish and fortified dairy). * Stay hydrated with herbal teas or broths. * Probiotics [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/probiotic] support gut health; choose foods like yoghurt or take supplements. Maintain good hygiene * Wash hands regularly, especially before eating or preparing food. * Clean and disinfect surfaces/items that come into contact with food or your digestive system. * Avoid street food with poor hygiene practices. Stay warm, stay smart * Winter colds can worsen symptoms. * Stay warm, avoid drafts, and ensure proper nutrition. * Wear breathable, warm clothing to avoid discomfort. * Keep your home warm and comfortable. Exercise gently * Engage in gentle, low-impact exercises like yoga [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/yoga-for-self-and-society], walking, or swimming in a heated pool. * Stretching helps flexibility and reduces abdominal tension, especially for colitis. Own your peace * Manage stress with mindfulness, deep breathing, meditation, and journaling. * Keep a consistent routine for relaxation and mood improvement. * Stay socially connected to reduce isolation. A 2021 study [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892545/] found that eating street food in the past week more than doubled the risk of typhoid while treating household drinking water reduced the risk. The findings suggest that street food is a risk factor in crowded urban areas, and better sanitation and water treatment can help prevent the disease.   WHICH FOODS ARE GOOD FOR TREATING TYPHOID AND COLITIS FLARE-UPS IN WINTER?   A low-fibre diet is often recommended during recovery from typhoid and colitis, especially in winter when the digestive system may be more sensitive. Here’s a list of the best foods to eat during colitis flare-ups and a winter diet for typhoid patients, providing nourishment and comfort while supporting recovery.   Food Why It's Good for Typhoid and Colitis During Winter Additional Benefits Clear broths and soups * Provides hydration, warmth, and nourishment. * Helps soothe the digestive system and prevent dehydration. Keeps you hydrated and offers comfort, which is especially important during winter for those with compromised digestion. Boiled veggies (You can try carrots, spinach, bottled gourd, and pumpkin) * Veggies are soft and easy to digest. * They are rich in vitamins and minerals that support immunity and digestion without irritating the stomach. Helps strengthen the immune system and provides antioxidants for reducing inflammation and improving digestion.Plain rice or porridge * Gentle on the stomach and easy to digest. * A great source of energy without irritating the digestive system. Provides a steady supply of carbohydrates for energy, helping to prevent strain on the digestive system.Steamed fish or chicken * A great source of easily digestible protein. * It can help in tissue repair, strengthen the immune system, and maintain energy. Offers essential amino acids for immune support, growth, and recovery without being harsh on the stomach.BananasHigh in potassium, they help replace lost electrolytes [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/electrolytes-for-oral-solution-polyethylene-glycol-3350] due to fever and diarrhoea while being easy on the stomach.Helps restore electrolyte balance and prevent muscle weakness while offering digestive comfort. It also contains melatonin [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/melatonin], which helps improve sleep quality [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/better-sleep-during-winter].Dahi (Yogurt) * Contains probiotics that promote gut health and digestion. * It helps in managing colitis flare-ups and aiding recovery from typhoid. Supports the restoration of beneficial bacteria in the gut, improving digestion and reducing bloating.Warm herbal teas (ginger or Adrak Chai) Provides soothing warmth that helps with digestion, reduces nausea, and supports immune function during the colder months.Boosts immunity, eases digestive discomfort, and has anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial for both conditions.Boiled Potatoes (Aloo)A mild, starchy food that is easy to digest, providing necessary carbohydrates without irritating the digestive system.Rich in vitamins and provides quick energy, supporting recovery while being gentle on the stomach. Also, read the 10 best Indian foods to try this winter [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/10-indian-winter-foods]   WHAT SHOULD WE NOT EAT DURING TYPHOID AND COLITIS FLARE-UPS?   Here are some foods to avoid during typhoid and certain foods that can trigger the colitis flare-ups:    Foods to avoid Why to avoid Raw or undercooked food (meat, eggs)It can contain harmful bacteria or irritate the gut.Unpasteurised dairy productsIt may contain harmful bacteria or trigger digestive issues.Spicy and greasy foodsIt can irritate the digestive tract and worsen symptoms.High-fibre foods (raw vegetables, fruits)It can be hard to digest and irritate the gut during flare-ups.Caffeinated drinks and alcoholIt can dehydrate and irritate the digestive system.Fatty or fried foodsDifficult to digest and can worsen inflammation.   WHAT ARE THE NEW TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR TYPHOID AND COLITIS FLARE-UPS?   New treatment options for typhoid fever treatments and typhoid treatment medicine focus on improving symptom management and reducing inflammation. Some emerging treatments include:   1. Typhoid:   * New antibiotics: With the rise of antibiotic resistance, new antibiotics like ceftriaxone [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/ceftriaxone] and Meropenem [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/meropenem] are being explored to treat multi-drug-resistant (MDR) typhoid.   * Vaccine advancements: Newer typhoid vaccines like Typbar-TCV offer longer-lasting protection against typhoid fever.   * Nanotechnology: Research is looking into nanomedicines for targeted drug delivery to combat resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi.   2. Colitis:   * Biologics: Advanced biologic therapies such as anti-TNFα agents (e.g., infliximab [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/infliximab], adalimumab [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/adalimumab]) help reduce inflammation in conditions like ulcerative colitis.   * JAK inhibitors: Medications like tofacitinib [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/tofacitinib] and upadacitinib are new treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including colitis, that target the JAK-STAT pathway.   * Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT): This experimental therapy involves transplanting stool from a healthy donor to restore gut flora balance and improve colitis symptoms.   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS   1. What are the warning signs of typhoid?   The warning signs of typhoid include prolonged fever, weakness, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and sometimes diarrhoea or constipation [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/gastroenterology/types-of-constipation]. Headaches and a rash may also occur. Consult a doctor if you experience these symptoms.   2. Which organ is affected by typhoid?   Typhoid primarily affects the intestines, causing inflammation in the small intestine. It can also impact other organs, such as the liver and spleen if left untreated. Consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.   3. What is the fastest treatment for typhoid?   There is no "fast" treatment for typhoid, but antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone are effective. Early diagnosis and proper antibiotic [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/aware-classification-of-antibiotics] use can reduce symptoms, and completing the full course is essential. Supportive care, including hydration and fever management, is also important.   4. What not to eat in typhoid?   In typhoid, avoid eating raw or undercooked foods, especially meat, eggs, and seafood, as they may contain harmful bacteria. Steer clear of spicy, greasy, or fried foods that can irritate the digestive system. Also, refrain from consuming unpasteurised dairy products and street food, as they may carry bacteria that worsen the condition.   5. How to prevent typhoid in winter?   To prevent typhoid in winter, ensure proper handwashing with soap and clean water, especially before eating or preparing food. Drink only clean, boiled or bottled water, and avoid consuming raw or undercooked food. Also, get vaccinated against typhoid if recommended by a doctor.   6. Will typhoid spread from one person to another?   Yes, typhoid can spread from one person to another through contaminated food, water, or close contact with an infected person's bodily fluids.   7. how do you calm a colitis flare-up   To calm a colitis flare-up, focus on eating a low-fibre diet, staying hydrated, and avoiding foods that irritate the digestive system. It's important to follow your doctor's treatment plan, which may include medication to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.   8. What triggers colitis attacks?   Colitis attacks can be triggered by stress, certain foods (like spicy or high-fat foods), infections, or changes in medication. Other factors like lack of sleep or smoking may also contribute to flare-ups.   WRAPPING UP   Managing typhoid and colitis flare-ups during winter requires strengthening the immune system, maintaining hygiene, staying warm, and managing stress. A winter care for colitis patient's diet focuses on easily digestible foods to support healing while managing colitis during winter can help reduce flare-ups.    For typhoid, hydration, safe foods, and proper treatment are crucial for recovery. Avoid street foods that lack hygiene and ensure clean surroundings with uncontaminated water to prevent infections.    REFERENCES   1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557513/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557513/] 2. https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/typhoid [https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/typhoid] 3. Saad NJ, Lynch VD, Antillón M, Yang C, Crump JA, Pitzer VE. Seasonal dynamics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5932015/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5932015/] 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/] 5. Lewis JD, Aberra FN, Lichtenstein GR, Bilker WB, Brensinger C, Strom BL. Seasonal variation in flares of inflammatory bowel disease. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14988820/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14988820/]
Dr Deva Prasath S
How to support cancer patients
11 Dec 2024
7 mins
How Can I Help My Loved One Cope With The Emotional Impact Of Cancer?Being diagnosed with cancer is a life-altering event that can shake your emotional foundation. The range of feelings you may experience—fear, hope, anger, sadness—is both valid and normal. Whether you’re undergoing treatment, transitioning into recovery, or supporting a loved one, finding ways to process and manage your emotions is crucial. Additionally, MrMed offers valuable Patient Assistance Program [https://www.mrmed.in/patient-assistance-program] (PAP) information, helping you access financial support and guidance during your cancer journey. Let’s explore how to navigate these challenges effectively.   COMMON EMOTIONS AND HOW TO MANAGE THEM   1. Feeling Overwhelmed   When you first learn about your diagnosis, it’s normal to feel like life is spinning out of control.   What Can Help?   * Educate yourself about your condition to feel more empowered. * Take small steps to regain routine—whether it’s enjoying a favourite hobby or organising your day. * Ask your doctor to explain unfamiliar medical terms clearly.   2. Fear and Worry   You may find yourself worrying about treatment side effects, managing pain, or the future. These fears can cloud your mind.   What Can Help?   * Replace fears with facts. Speak with your healthcare team to understand what to expect and myths to stay away from [https://cancerlibrary.mrmed.in/myths-and-facts-about-cancer]. * Share your concerns with a trusted friend, therapist, or support group. * Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation.   3. Stress and Anxiety   The demands of treatment schedules, financial concerns, and lifestyle changes can add stress to an already challenging time.   What Can Help?   * Delegate tasks—let family or friends help with everyday activities. * Seek resources through your hospital’s social worker for financial and emotional support. * Take note of ways to deal with mental stress [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/mental-wellness/relieve-mental-stress] via apps or programs that promote mindfulness.   4. Sadness and Depression   Feeling a sense of loss or sadness is common. For some, these feelings persist and interfere with daily life.   What Can Help?   * Recognise when sadness becomes depression, which includes persistent fatigue, lack of interest, and feelings of hopelessness. * Speak to your doctor about therapy or medications for depression [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/mental-wellness]. * Spend time doing things that bring joy, even if they’re small—like enjoying a walk or a favourite meal.   5. Anger and Frustration   You might find yourself asking, “Why me?” or feeling resentment towards others who seem unaffected.   What Can Help?   * Acknowledge and express your anger. Talk it out, write it down, or channel it into physical activity like yoga. * Focus on aspects of your life you can control, such as daily habits or treatment choices. * If needed, seek counselling to process these emotions.   HOW TO SUPPORT A CANCER PATIENT EMOTIONALLY?   Providing cancer emotional support doesn’t have to be complex. It’s about showing empathy, being available, and taking simple steps to lighten their load. Here are some tips for supporting a cancer patient emotionally:   1. Ask, Don’t Assume   Everyone copes with cancer differently. Instead of guessing what they need, ask specific questions like:   * “Would you like me to stay during your next appointment?” * “Do you feel like talking today, or should we just sit together?” * "Is there anything you need help with around the house?" * "What’s been the hardest part for you lately?" * "Is there something specific on your mind that’s been bothering you?"   These small questions show respect for their autonomy and make your support more meaningful. You can also help them order their medications through the MrMed app [https://onelink.to/44jh5x] hassle-free.      2. Help Them Express Their Feelings   Sometimes, it’s hard to open up about fears or frustrations. Introduce journaling, creative arts, or mindfulness exercises as outlets for emotions. These can help your loved one process their feelings in a way that feels safe and personal.     3. Laughter Is Healing   Humor can be surprisingly therapeutic. Watch a comedy show, share funny memories, or even crack light-hearted jokes if the moment feels right. Laughter may not solve their problems, but it can create precious moments of relief.     4. Accept That You’re Not the Fixer   You’re there to support, not solve. It’s okay to feel helpless at times—what matters is being present, not having all the answers.     5. Build a Support System   If you’re emotionally overwhelmed, seek out friends, family, or professional counsellors to lean on. Joining a support group for caregivers can also provide perspective and reassurance.     6. Use Scheduled Check-ins   Balancing work, personal life, and caregiving can be tricky. Schedule regular check-ins with your loved one so they know when to expect you. This structure gives you both clarity and reduces feelings of guilt or overcommitment.     7. Celebrate Non-Medical Wins   It’s easy to focus only on treatment milestones, but celebrating life’s smaller achievements—like finishing a puzzle or taking a walk—can bring much-needed positivity.     Read more: How Indian celebrities are tackling cancer. [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/indian-celebrities-with-cancer]   WHY DO EMOTIONS FLUCTUATE SO MUCH DURING CANCER?   Coping with cancer emotionally can be challenging because emotional shifts occur for reasons such as:   * The uncertainty about the future. * Adjusting to changes in your daily life. * Physical side effects of treatment. * Worrying about your family and financial responsibilities.   These feelings might feel overwhelming at times, but acknowledging and addressing them can bring clarity and relief.   WHAT UNIQUE CHALLENGES DO CANCER PATIENTS FACE EMOTIONALLY?   Understanding what your loved one is going through can help you tailor your cancer patient support effectively.   1. Uncertainty and Fear of the Future   A cancer diagnosis often brings worries about survival, treatment, and quality of life. Acknowledge these fears without rushing to reassure. Saying, “It’s okay to feel scared; I’m here with you,” can mean more than offering false optimism.     2. Loss of Independence   Cancer treatments [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/what-is-cancer-and-symptoms-treatment] can make once-simple tasks—like cooking or driving—difficult. Instead of taking over entirely, involve them in decision-making. For instance, ask: “Do you want me to drive you today, or would you prefer me to just accompany you?”     3. Emotional Isolation   Even with loving family and friends, patients may feel like no one truly understands their journey. Encourage them to join a peer group where they can connect with others who’ve walked a similar path.   FAQS    1. HOW DO I HELP A LOVED ONE STAY POSITIVE DURING CANCER TREATMENT?   Encourage activities they enjoy, listen to their concerns without judgment, and focus on creating moments of joy. Remember, positivity doesn’t mean ignoring negative emotions—it’s about balancing hope with realism.   2. SHOULD I BRING UP THEIR CANCER DIAGNOSIS IN CONVERSATIONS?   Follow their lead. If they bring it up, engage openly. If they avoid it, respect their choice but let them know you’re available to talk whenever they’re ready.   3. HOW DO I MANAGE MY EMOTIONS WHILE SUPPORTING A CANCER PATIENT?   Acknowledge your feelings and seek outlets to process them, such as journaling or talking to a trusted friend. Don’t hesitate to seek professional help if needed.   4. WHAT IF I SAY THE WRONG THING?   It’s okay to not have perfect words. Apologise if needed, and focus on being honest and compassionate. Sometimes, just saying, “I don’t know what to say, but I’m here,” is enough.   5. HOW CAN I ENCOURAGE THEM TO SEEK PROFESSIONAL EMOTIONAL SUPPORT?   Frame it as a helpful resource rather than a necessity. For example, say: “Talking to a counsellor might help you feel less overwhelmed—it’s worked for many people in similar situations.”   6. WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO PROVIDE EMOTIONAL SUPPORT FOR CANCER PATIENTS?   The best way to provide emotional support for cancer patients is by offering a compassionate, non-judgmental presence. Listen actively to their concerns, validate their feelings, and encourage open communication. Small gestures, like spending quality time or helping with daily tasks, can make a significant difference. It's also important to respect their boundaries and offer support at their pace, ensuring they feel empowered and understood throughout their journey.   7. WHAT IS PATIENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME?   A Patient Assistance Program (PAP) is a service offered by pharmaceutical companies or healthcare providers that helps patients access medications and treatments they might not afford otherwise. These programs provide free or discounted medications, medical supplies, or financial assistance to eligible individuals, based on their income, insurance status, or specific medical conditions like cancer.   8. WHAT ARE THE GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR CANCER PATIENTS? In many countries, the government provides financial aid and health schemes for cancer patients. For example, India has schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana [https://nha.gov.in/PM-JAY] (PMJAY), which covers cancer treatments, and the National Cancer Control Program [https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/1493693747note_0.pdf] (NCCP), which aims to improve cancer care facilities. Similarly, other governments offer subsidies, free treatment, and insurance schemes to help alleviate the financial burden of cancer care.   FINAL WORDS   Supporting someone emotionally through cancer is an opportunity to deepen your connection. Your compassion, presence, and ability to provide emotional support for cancer patients and families will leave a lasting impact. Remember, it’s not about perfection but showing up with love and understanding. Together, you can navigate this journey with resilience and hope.   READ MORE   1. Essential Self-care Tips For Your Well-being. [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/self-care-for-cancer-caregivers] 2. Top Cancer-fighting Medicines In India [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/top-cancer-medicines-in-india] 3. How Can Adverse Events Of Chemotherapy Be Taken Care Of At The Treatment Stage? [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/managing-chemotherapy-side-effects]   REFERENCES   1. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/feelings [https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/feelings] 2. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/when-someone-you-love-has-advanced-cancer.pdf [https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/when-someone-you-love-has-advanced-cancer.pdf] 3. https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/7-ways-to-support-a-loved-one-with-terminal-cancer.h00-159623379.html [https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/7-ways-to-support-a-loved-one-with-terminal-cancer.h00-159623379.html] 4. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/family-friends-caregivers/how-support-someone-with-cancer [https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/family-friends-caregivers/how-support-someone-with-cancer]
Sakshi Anil More