Hemophilia Twinning Program: Advancing Care On World Hemophilia Day
17 Apr 2024
10 mins
Hemophilia Twinning Program: Advancing Care On World Hemophilia DayTurn on the red light!   Since 1989, patient organizations worldwide have celebrated World Hemophilia Day on April 17 to improve awareness and understanding of hemophilia and other bleeding disorders. April 17 was chosen in honor of World Federation of hemophilia founder Frank Schnabel's birthday. Hemophilia is a rare disease and one in 10,000 people is born with it.  On this World hemophilia Day 2024, let's know the key aspects of hemophilia.    WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF WORLD HEMOPHILIA DAY?   The World Federation of hemophilia (WFH) established World Hemophilia Day on April 17, 1989, to commemorate the birthday of the WFH's founder, Frank Schnabel. Hemophilia was identified in the 10th century when individuals began to notice a disproportionate number of male deaths from seemingly minor injuries. At the time, this illness was known as abulcasis. However, due to technological limitations, this could not be treated. An anticoagulant was routinely used to treat an illness prevalent among royal families at the time; however, the anticoagulant thins the blood and worsens the ailment. In 1803, Philadelphia's Dr. John Conrad Otto began researching "bleeders," eventually determining that the disease was passed down from mothers to sons. Hemophilia was identified as a type A or B hereditary condition in 1937. However, effective treatment had yet to be established at that time. The theme of the event this year is "Equitable access for all: recognizing all bleeding disorders."    OBJECTIVE OF WORLD HEMOPHILIA DAY   The goal of World Hemophilia Day is, * To accomplish the WFH (World Federation of Hemophilia) objective of "Treatment for All," emphasize the need to conduct coordinated and concerted activities. * Draw attention to the critical concerns and shine a light on hemophilia and bleeding diseases.   WHAT IS HEMOPHILIA?   Normally when we have a wound or injury, our blood cells, called platelets, and substances called clotting factors mix to make the blood sticky and form a clot, making the bleeding stop at the wounded site. Hemophilia is a rare inherited disease [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/rare-disease-day-february] that affects your blood's ability to clot.  People with hemophilia lack certain clotting factors, resulting in extensive bleeding from a wound or cut. Bleeding can also occur inside the body, particularly in the muscles and joints like knees, elbows, and hips.  There are mainly two types of hemophilia: * Hemophilia A – It is a common type caused due to lack of clotting factor VIII. It is also known as classic hemophilia. * Hemophilia B – It is caused due to lack of factor IX and also known as Christmas disease.   WHAT IS THE CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS OF HEMOPHILIA?   It is usually inherited, meaning the person is born with this disorder. Hemophilia is caused by changes in the clotting factor genes on the x chromosome. Everybody has two sex chromosomes, one from each parent. A girl child inherits the x chromosome from the mother and the x chromosome from the father. The boy child inherits the mother's x chromosome and the father's y chromosome.  If a woman carries the faulty gene (for hemophilia) on her x chromosomes, she can pass it on to her children. If a boy child is born to this mother, there is a half chance he is born with hemophilia. If a girl child inherits the affected gene, she becomes the carrier of the affected gene and can pass it on to her children without having hemophilia herself.  Males are more likely to have hemophilia than females, and the greatest risk factor is a family history of hemophilia. Acquired hemophilia is acquired after birth when the body starts to make antibodies that destroy clotting factors though it is very rare.    WHAT IS THE SYMPTOMS OF HEMOPHILIA?   Symptoms of hemophilia depend on how many clotting factors are present in the individual. If the deficiency is less (a person has 5 to 50% of the normal amount of clotting factors), the person may bleed only after trauma or an operation. If the deficiency is high (a person has less than 1% of clotting factor levels), the person can easily bleed for no apparent reason.  The symptoms include, * Prolonged bleeding from cuts after a dental procedure or after surgery * Many deep bruises * Bleeding after vaccinations * Blood in the stool or urine * Swelling, pain, or tightness in the joints * Nosebleeds that are frequent and hard-to-stop * Unexplained irritability in infants * Bleeding into the brain (rarely happens)   HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED & TREATED?   Diagnosis: Children with severe hemophilia are usually diagnosed within the 1st year of life. Mild hemophilia may be discovered generally after a dental or surgical procedure or an injury. Clotting factor tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis and reveal how severe the hemophilia is. For people with a family history of this disorder and planning to get pregnant, genetic and genomic testing can help identify the risk of passing hemophilia to a child. There are also certain tests called amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which can diagnose hemophilia in the baby during pregnancy. But these tests may carry certain risks that your healthcare provider will discuss before testing.  Treatment: The main therapy for hemophilia [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/blood-disorder] is replacing the missing clotting factors by injecting them into the veins. The replacement clotting factors can be made from donated human blood or in the laboratory (recombinant forms). In mild and moderate cases, the patients require this treatment usually while having surgery.  In patients with severe hemophilia, replacement therapy can be done on bleeding episodes or as prophylaxis (given once or twice per week to prevent bleeding if the patient has frequent bleeding episodes). Other hemophilia therapies include desmopressin, emicizumab, tranexamic acid, and fibrin sealants.    HEMOPHILIA TWINNING PROGRAM: BRIDGING THE GAP IN CARE   The World Federation of Hemophilia has created a short-term program to collaborate with medical professionals, patients, and young leaders from developing countries for two to four years. Everyone from hemophilia treatment centers, patient organizations, and youth groups is encouraged to participate in this program to improve the treatment and care for people affected by hemophilia in developing countries. The WFH twinning program has established around 265 partnerships over more than 30 years across 119 countries, involving 97 hemophilia organizations, 162 treatment centers, and 5 youth groups. The program has improved diagnosis and treatment plans, increased the knowledge of healthcare professionals caring for patients with bleeding disorders, enhanced outreach initiatives, facilitated resource sharing, increased government support, and strengthened patient organizations.   CLOSURE POINT   You are not alone in fighting against hemophilia!   Despite these obstacles, the hemophilia community has demonstrated extraordinary persistence and flexibility. Healthcare providers have devised novel solutions to ensure continuity of care, patients have discovered new methods to stay connected and support one another, and advocacy activities to increase awareness and promote access to treatment have persisted. Moving forward, we must continue to prioritize the needs of hemophilia patients and move towards long-term, inclusive, and patient-centered care. Investing in research to discover new treatments and therapies, pushing for regulations that promote access to care and resources, raising education and awareness to eliminate stigma and improve understanding of this rare bleeding illness are all part of this effort.
Ishwarya R
World Sickle Cell Day
19 Jun 2023
9 minutes
World Sickle Cell DayTurning Pain Into Strength, Raising Hope For Sickle Cell Warriors World Sickle Cell Day, observed on June 19th, is a day that offers an opportunity to educate the public about the genetic nature of sickle cell condition, and its impact on individuals and communities worldwide. By sharing accurate information and encouraging conversations, we can work towards creating hope for sickle cell warriors. As we explore the significance of this day, it becomes evident that SCD's impact extends well beyond its medical implications. This day aims to address the issues head-on by shedding light on the realities faced by individuals with SCD and their families. World Sickle Cell Day 2023 is a call to unite, educate, and turn pain into strength toward a future where every person with this disease receives the care, support, and opportunities they deserve.   PREVALENCE OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE:   India is estimated to have the highest burden of SCD in the world, with over 20 million [https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2021/07000/sickle_cell_disease__more_than_a_century_of.2.aspx] carriers of the sickle cell trait and approximately 1.5-2% of the population affected by the disease. Individuals with SCD often experience recurrent painful episodes (known as sickle cell crises), anemia, infection susceptibility, organ damage, and other complications.   SUPPORTING INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES   World Sickle Cell Day also serves as a reminder of the vital role we play in supporting individuals and families affected by SCD. The challenges posed by this condition can be physically, emotionally, and financially demanding. It is essential to acknowledge the resilience and strength of those living with SCD while providing them with the necessary resources and support networks to navigate their journey.   SICKLE CELL DISEASE   Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that is identified by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. It is an inherited condition that affects the structure and function of red blood cells, causing them to become rigid and form a sickle shape. The abnormal shape of the red blood cells can lead to various complications. SCD can cause the affected red blood cells to get stuck in small blood vessels [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/haematology/type-of-blood-disease], leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues and organs. This can result in severe pain, organ damage, and a higher susceptibility to infections.   TYPES   1. Sickle cell anemia (SS) is the most severe form of SCD, where an individual inherits two copies of the sickle cell gene. 2. Sickle beta-thalassemia occurs when an individual inherits one sickle cell gene and one beta-thalassemia gene. 3. Sickle cell trait (AS) occurs when an individual inherits one normal hemoglobin gene and one sickle cell gene.   SYMPTOMS AND COMPLICATIONS   * Pain Crises: Episodes of severe pain, often called sickle cell crises, occur due to the blockage of blood flow and oxygen supply. * Anemia: Sickle cells have a shorter lifespan than normal red blood cells, leading to chronic anemia. This can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. * Organ Damage: Reduced blood flow and oxygen supply can damage various organs, including the lungs, kidneys, spleen, and brain. * Increased Infection Risk: SCD weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections, particularly those caused by bacteria such as pneumonia. * Stroke: The abnormal blood flow and increased risk of blood clotting can lead to stroke, especially in children with sickle cell disease. * Delayed Growth and Development: It affects the growth and development of children due to the reduced oxygen supply to tissues.   SCD is an inherited disorder that requires both parents to carry the sickle cell gene for a child to inherit the disease. However, individuals with only one copy of the sickle cell gene have a condition called sickle cell trait [https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=hemoglobin_s], which usually doesn't cause symptoms but can be passed on to their children.   DIAGNOSIS   * Newborn Screening: In many countries, newborn screening programs are in place to identify infants with SCD shortly after birth. A small blood sample is taken from the baby's heel and tested for abnormal hemoglobin. * Hemoglobin Electrophoresis: Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a laboratory technique that separates different types of hemoglobin to identify abnormal forms, such as hemoglobin (Hgb S). If a positive result is obtained from newborn screening or there is a suspicion of SCD, further testing is conducted. * Complete Blood Count (CBC): A complete blood count is performed to examine the different types of blood cells and their characteristics. SCD patients often exhibit a low red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit. * Sickle Cell Solubility Test: This test is performed to verify the presence of sickle hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) in the blood. It involves mixing a small amount of blood with a reagent that causes the sickle hemoglobin to precipitate, resulting in a turbid appearance. * Genetic Testing: This testing is performed to confirm the diagnosis of SCD and determine an individual's specific type of SCD. It analyzes DNA to identify abnormal hemoglobin genes, such as the HgbS gene.   It is important to note that SCD can be diagnosed at any age, not just in newborns. If an individual shows symptoms of SCD or has a family history of the condition, they should undergo appropriate testing to confirm the diagnosis.   TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT   Treatment Options   * Pain management through medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids. * Blood transfusions [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/world-blood-donor-day] to increase the number of healthy red blood cells. * Stem cell transplantation, which can provide a potential cure.   Comprehensive Care   * Preventive measures, including vaccinations against infections like pneumonia and meningitis. * Regular medical check-ups to monitor disease progression and manage complications. * Hydroxyurea is a medication that can reduce the frequency of pain crises.   Advancements in Treatment   * Gene therapy, where genetic engineering techniques are used to correct the defective gene responsible for SCD. * Novel medications targeting specific pathways involved in sickle cell disease. For example, Hydroxyurea is a medication that has been shown to be effective in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). It increases the production of foetal haemoglobin, which can help prevent the formation of sickle-shaped red blood cells. This drug has been shown to reduce the frequency of pain crises, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusions in some individuals with sickle cell disease.   SAFETY MEASURES TO PREVENT SICKLE CELL DISEASE   Regular Medical Care   * Regular medical check-ups with healthcare providers who are specialized in SCD are vital for disease management. * Routine monitoring of blood counts, organ function, and other health parameters can help detect and address complications at an early stage.   Vaccinations   * Individuals with SCD have an increased chance of infections. Staying up-to-date with vaccinations, especially against pneumonia, influenza, and meningitis, is important for preventing these infections.   Hydration And Avoidance Of Triggers   * Staying well-hydrated helps prevent dehydration, which can trigger the sickling of red blood cells. * Drinking plenty of fluids during hot weather or during physical activity is important. * Avoiding extreme temperatures, high altitudes, and situations leading to low oxygen levels can also help minimize the risk of sickle cell crises.   Penicillin Prophylaxis   * Children with SCD are at a higher risk of bacterial infections, particularly pneumococcal infections. * Penicillin prophylaxis is often recommended to prevent these infections in children up to a certain age.   Genetic Counseling And Family Planning   * A genetic counsellor can assess an individual or couple's risk of having a child with SCD. This evaluation involves reviewing family medical histories and conducting genetic testing, if necessary, to identify carriers of the sickle cell trait or affected individuals. * They can explain the inheritance patterns of sickle cell disease, which is an autosomal recessive disorder. They can clarify how the disease is passed on from parents to children and discuss the chances of having an affected child based on the genetic status of both parents. * They also discuss various family planning options available to individuals and couples who are at risk of having a child with SCD. These options may include prenatal testing, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and natural conception.   INSPIRING HOPE   Above all, World Sickle Cell Day is a symbol of hope. It serves as a reminder that individuals with SCD are not alone in their journey. By recognizing the significance of this day, we can pave the way for a future where individuals with sickle cell disease can thrive, unhindered by barriers and embraced by a compassionate and understanding society. Let us continue to shine a light on World Sickle Cell Day 2023, inspiring hope and working towards a world where no one is left behind in the shadows of this challenging condition.
Dr.B.Deiva
3 Main Causes Of Iron Deficiency Anemia
19 Jan 2023
6 mins
3 Main Causes Of Iron Deficiency AnemiaHave you ever had unusual cravings for substances such as ice or paper? It might be due to iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Women, infants and children, vegetarians, and people who routinely donate blood may have an increased risk of IDA. Read more to know about what iron deficiency anemia is and the three main causes of iron deficiency anemia.   WHAT IS IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/anemia]?   Iron deficiency anemia is a condition in which your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells. As the name indicates, IDA is caused by iron deficiency. Iron is vital for making the protein called hemoglobin which helps red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body tissues.    As a result, you will experience tiredness, shortness of breath, noticeable heartbeats, and pale skin in IDA. You may also hear ringing or buzzing noises inside the head, feel itchy, have headaches, sore tongue, hair loss, swallowing problems, spoon-shaped nails, desire to eat paper or ice, or painful sores in the corners of the mouth. IDA is the most common type of anemia among the many types of anemia.   3 MAIN CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA   PREGNANCY   According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia#tab=tab_1], 40 percent of pregnant women worldwide are anemic. During pregnancy, the body needs to make more blood to supply oxygen to the growing baby. As the body's blood volume increases, you need more iron. You could develop iron deficiency anemia if you do not have sufficient iron stores or get enough iron during pregnancy. IDA can lead to low birth weight babies, postpartum depression, and premature birth (babies born too early before 37 weeks of pregnancy). Iron supplementation can prevent IDA and its complications in pregnancy.   BLEEDING   The body loses more iron with blood loss than it can replace with food. Iron deficiency anemia from bleeding can happen in women with heavy menstrual bleeding and people with certain medical conditions. Women with heavy menstrual periods typically bleed for more than seven days and lose twice as much blood as normal. For men and postmenopausal women, bleeding in the intestines and stomach is the frequent cause of IDA. Bleeding can occur as a result of piles, stomach ulcers, inflammation of the food pipe or bowel, hiatal hernia, or taking NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as aspirin. Rarely, cancer of the stomach or bowel can be a source of bleeding.    INADEQUATE INTAKE OF IRON   Our body gets iron from foods we eat, and about 1 mg of iron is absorbed for every ten to twenty mg of iron ingested. If your diet contains too little iron, over time, you can have iron deficiency anemia. Vegans or vegetarians who do not replace meat with other iron-rich foods, people who regularly consume antacids, people with an eating disorder, and people on a weight loss diet are at an increased risk of having a diet low in iron. People who excessively consume caffeine are also at risk of not getting enough iron.    The iron-rich food sources are meat, beans, legumes, fish (sardines, mussels), eggs, peas, dried fruits (apricots & raisins), and spinach. Include vitamin C-rich foods to enhance iron absorption in foods from plant sources. Vitamin C is rich in citrus fruits, melon, berries, kiwi, broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts, tomatoes, peppers, and baked potatoes. Even if you get enough iron from food, if you have had an intestinal surgery such as gastric bypass or have medical conditions such as gastritis, or celiac disease, they may limit the amount of iron your body can absorb. The other causes of iron deficiency anemia are chronic kidney disease and inflammatory conditions.    THE BOTTOM LINE   Iron deficiency anemia in mild stages does not generally cause any complications. Though if not treated, IDA can lead to heart problems, delayed growth in infants and children, and problems during pregnancy. If you or your child have any signs and symptoms of IDA, reach out to your physician. Your doctor can prescribe supplements [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/health-supplements] to restore normal iron levels if you have this anemia. In some severe cases, your healthcare professional may recommend an intravenous iron [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/iron-deficiency] to treat the condition. Reduce the risk of IDA by consuming foods rich in iron and vitamin C.  
Guruvigneshwari
Blood Disorder - Types & Symptoms
15 Nov 2021
10 mins
All You Need To Know About Type Of Blood DiseasesBlood conditions refer to the malfunctioning of the blood cells due to different causes. There are many types of blood disorders that disturb the functions of blood cells by interfering with the number of proteins, nutrients, and platelets.    Read further to know the blood disorder symptoms and types of blood disorders [https://cfch.com.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Print_-Common-Blood-Disorders_Nov.pdf]     TYPES OF BLOOD DISORDERS   The three main components of blood are the Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), and Platelets. Red blood cells are very tiny disc shaped cells. Their primary function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. Each RBC has about 280 million molecules of haemoglobin that is essential for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to maintain a balance.   White blood cells are of five types, namely neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. They are the part of the body's immune system that helps fight infection and other diseases. The blood undergoes several pathways with the help of clotting factors to form a blood clot. Platelets or thrombocytes are essential for blood clotting mechanisms. When any of these blood cells are not working properly, it results in the following blood conditions:   1. RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS   Anaemia:   a. Iron deficiency Anaemia: Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when the body breaks down iron faster and when the demand for iron is higher than what is available in the body for absorption.   b.Megaloblastic anaemia: Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of blood disorder [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/blood-disorder?page=1] that occurs due to deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12 or due to impaired metabolism of folic acid. Lack of Vitamin B12 and folic acid hinders the synthesis of DNA which are essential for producing healthy red blood cells.   c. Haemolytic anaemia: Haemolytic anaemia is caused due to shortened lifespan of red blood cells. This type of blood disease occurs when the breakdown rate of RBCs is faster than the production rate. In this type of blood disorder the bone marrow is unable to make enough red blood cells to replace the destroyed cells.   d. Aplastic anaemia: Aplastic anaemia is a rare but serious blood disease that occurs due to inadequate production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow. This type of blood disease is caused due to the damage in the stem cells inside bone marrow.   e. Sickle cell anaemia: Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic blood disorder [https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/62044] where an abnormality in the haemoglobin causes the blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped. In this type of blood disease, the red blood cells become sticky and crescent moon-shaped that gets stuck in small blood vessels and blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to different parts of the body. This causes long-term pain, swelling of the extremities, anaemia and increased risk of bacterial infections.   [https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/6MOOLSYlg70VPSVcUAeTG4nI2PjdeVpe1nOv9vNVNwGKZsmHUX8xgIeyPCHSJNq-CxsSBfE-JDn3VwuYcu5wiBGUtXzQLHfZfGcOGuc0MxRpZmdXlAlSLRRSsex76Q] https://www.intechopen.com/media/chapter/62044/media/F11.png [https://www.intechopen.com/media/chapter/62044/media/F11.png] f. Thalassemia: Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in the red blood cells that facilitates to carry blood to all the organs, and when it is deficient, it leads to anaemia. Defects in the gene forming haemoglobin result in blood conditions like Thalassemia. This type of blood disease is characterized by less haemoglobin and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.   [https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/EkulGlbcHpRsQC34zd9ZQwYS_h0Lyu-sdWKPEbQp3L3J30NmW2R3yQL61HyAGQq370lMmkCv9PF7-scX7bZ4IdAMHxnEFyYoHB6OCM9XOvChPpC6-LYUrV3oFkuCqQ]   * Alpha thalassemia: Haemoglobin carries two alpha chains from the father and two from the mother. When one or more of these alpha chains do not function efficiently, it results in a condition called alpha thalassemia. The number of chains impaired indicates the severity of this condition. if only one of the alpha chains is damaged, the person does not experience any symptoms and is regarded as a silent carrier.   * Beta thalassemia: Beta thalassemia is a hereditary disorder that is characterized by reduced haemoglobin production. Haemoglobin has two beta chains, each inherited from a parent, and when these chains undergo genetic changes, it results in beta-thalassemia. When only one beta chain is affected, the condition is referred to as thalassemia minor and if two of them are affected, it is thalassemia major.   2. WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS   a. Myelodysplastic syndrome: Myelodysplastic syndrome is one of the types of blood disorders of the white blood cells, where the bone marrow produces immature blood cells.  These immature blood cells often die earlier than normal cells, resulting in lack of healthy blood cells.   b. Neutropenia: Neutropenia is a condition referring to insufficient amount of white blood cells to fight off infections. This occurs when the neutrophils of your white blood cells are too low in number.   3. PLATELET DISORDERS   (a) Thrombocytopenia [https://www.mrmed.in/medicines/romy-250mcg-injection]: This type of blood disease is characterized by decreased number of platelets due to autoimmune disease.    (b) Thrombocytosis: In this type of blood disorder, the platelets are produced in excess, which results in over bleeding as well as clotting.   (c) Platelet Dysfunction disorders: Platelet dysfunction disorders are blood conditions where the number of platelets in the blood are sufficient but do not function properly.   4. GENETIC PLATELET DISORDERS   Inherited platelet disorders occur when the clotting factors or proteins are deficient or impaired due to damage in the DNA. Some of them include: a. Glanzmann thrombasthenia: Glanzmann thrombasthenia refers to the impaired functioning of platelets that leads to defects in blood clot formation. In this condition, the platelets are present in the body, but lack proper functioning due to the absence of certain proteins on their surface.   b. Bernard-Soulier syndrome: Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare genetic clotting disorder that is a result of unusually large platelets. It affects the platelets' ability to pass through damaged blood vessels and inhibits its blood clotting function. The platelets that are present lack the proteins on the surface that helps them stick together.   c. Haemophilia: Haemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by the body’s inability to form blood clots. This results in prolonged bleeding after an injury. There are two types of haemophilia. Haemophilia A results from insufficient clotting factor VIII and Haemophilia B due to lack of clotting factor IX. Haemophilia A is more common.  Men with haemophilia will pass this gene to their daughters and not sons. Women with haemophilia tend to pass this gene to both sons and daughters.    d. Von Willebrand disorder (VWD): Von Willebrand disorder refers to the problems in a protein called Von Willebrand factor that controls bleeding. This is passed from parent to child due to disturbance in genes, and it equally affects males and females. People with this blood condition usually experience little to no symptoms except during injury or surgery. Some people have bleeding episodes and, in severe cases, have bled into muscles and joints.   LISTING OUT SOME COMMONLY ASKED QNA SECTION   1. What are the possible signs indicating genetic platelet disorders?   * Gum bleeding * Nose bleeds * Bruising easily * Prolonged period of bleeding even with a minor cut * Heavy and long menstrual cycles * Internal bleeding into muscles and joints. * Red or purple spots on the skin * Excessive bleeding after injury, surgery and childbirth   2. What are the symptoms of White blood disorder?   * Breathlessness or chest pain * Frequent infections * Sore throat * Sneezing and runny nose * Stomach problems * Flushed skin * Frequent and burning urination * Sweating * Redness and pain in the body   3. What are the common red blood disorder symptoms?   * Tiredness or weakness * Pale or yellowish skin * Faintness or dizziness * Increased thirst * Sweating * Weak and rapid pulse, rapid breathing * Shortness of breath * Lower leg cramps * Heart-related symptoms (abnormal heart rhythms, heart murmur, enlarged heart, heart failure)   4. Do you know what are the blood infection types?   * Blood infections, also known as sepsis, can be categorized into different types based on the source of infection or the causative microorganisms. The main types of blood infections are bacterial sepsis, fungal sepsis, parasitic sepsis, and polymicrobial sepsis.   STAY AWARE AND STAY HEALTHY   Blood is the most important component of your body to carry out essential body functions. Therefore, any blood-related abnormality should not be taken lightly as the consequences could be disastrous. The severity of blood abnormality depends on the type of blood disease. Early detection and treatment could be beneficial to prevent long-term health complications.
Bhairavi
Blood infections - Types, Signs, Symptoms & Treatment
18 Nov 2021
10 mins
Know About Blood Infections - Types, Signs, Symptoms & TreatmentMicroorganisms present in the environment can attack us anytime and could contaminate the blood and cause infections. There are different types of microbial infections that are carried in the blood causing blood infections. Blood infections due to microorganisms could lead to a condition called sepsis and are life-threatening.   Sepsis is a dangerous condition that could result from infection in any body part that spreads through blood and affects the whole body. Critically ill patients and people with a weak immune system have to be extra careful. Let us see the types of blood infections, their signs and symptoms and how to cure blood infections.   LET US KNOW HOW MANY TYPES OF BLOOD INFECTIONS ARE THERE   There are three types of blood infections caused by microorganisms namely bacteria, viruses, and fungi which are known to interact with potentially life-threatening blood infections. Let's discuss in detail about the types of blood infections caused by them.   1. Bacteremia   Bacteremia is a term indicating the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. Bacteria enter our body through various ways. It may enter through minor cuts and wounds, during hospitalization, or during any medical procedure or surgery.    Some of the bacterial species that cause bacteremia are: * Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA * Escherichia coli (E. coli) * Pneumococcal bacteria * Group A Streptococcus * Salmonella species * Pseudomonas aeruginosa   Common causes of bacteremia: * Bleeding gums * Injury and burns * Surgery * Using catheter and breathing tubes * Weak immune system during chronic illness   Bacterial blood infection signs and symptoms: * High fever * High pulse and respiratory rate * Leaking wound * Painful or swollen skin * Low blood pressure * Confusion * Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea   We have some bacteria naturally present in our body and are generally harmless. However, if they enter the bloodstream they tend to cause blood infections. This infection affects the body if your immune system is too weak or if the disease is too intense.   In cases like streptococcus pneumoniae, the organism is present in the upper part of the respiratory tract and people still do not fall ill. However, they can spread the infection to others through coughing or sneezing.   Is there a cure for blood infections caused by bacteria?   Your physician will conduct a few tests to determine the type of blood infection. Antibiotics [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/antibacterials] are the standard treatment for bacterial infections and the duration of the treatment will be a minimum of two weeks.    The antibiotics will be given as an infusion through veins which enter the bloodstream directly. Your physician may add IV fluids and other medications to balance the electrolytes and to stabilise the condition. 2. Viremia   While blood infections and sepsis are more common among bacterial infections, viral infections such as COVID-19 and influenza also affect blood and other organs. Viremia is the term used for indicating the presence of a virus in the bloodstream.   Who is at a high risk of getting viremia?   Viremia is most likely to affect people belonging to the following categories: * Unprotected sexual contact with the infected person * Sharing needles with an infected person * Insect bite * Wounds and cuts * Infected mother to baby through breastfeeding   Few of the most common viral infections that lead to viremia are: * HIV * Dengue * Rubella * Measles * Cytomegalovirus * Hepatitis B * Polio * Chickenpox * Yellow fever   The signs and symptoms might vary according to the type of virus you are infected with. Some of the most frequently occurring viral blood infection symptoms are: * Fever * Headache * Body pain * Chills * Rashes * Diarrhea * Tiredness   How to cure blood infection caused due to a virus?   The treatment method to cure viral infection [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/antiviral] in blood depends on your age, infecting organism, health issues and the severity of your infection. In most infections, the first step to treat the symptoms is by using pain relievers and fever-reducing medications, removing nasal congestion and taking sufficient rest until the symptoms subside.   For viruses such as influenza and chickenpox, the antiviral medications speed up the healing process if given on time. In the case of HIV and hepatitis, long-term treatment may be required to stop the virus from spreading. Especially in HIV, the medication is not a cure, but it keeps the virus from reproducing.   3. Fungemia   Fungemia refers to the presence of fungus in the blood. When a fungus enters the bloodstream and affects the organs, it is referred to as an invasive fungal disease. It could be life-threatening, if not treated immediately.   We are very prone to fungal infection due to some fungal species that are present in the air. They enter our body through breathing. Healthy people do not face severe consequences if they come in contact with the fungus. The infections resolve on their own. However, people having a weak immune system and those undergoing chemotherapy treatment for cancer are at a high risk of getting severely infected, leading to blood poisoning (sepsis).   Who is at high risk of getting blood infections due to fungus?   The following are the factors which makes us more prone to fungal borne blood infections: * Chemotherapy * Weak immune system * Medications and steroids which suppress our immune system * Long term Hospitalisation * Surgery * Very low birth weight in infants * Central venous catheterisation   Some of the common fungal species that cause severe illnesses are: * Candida species * Histoplasma * Aspergillus   Candida is a fungus responsible for a majority of fungal infections. The presence of candida in the bloodstream is known as candidemia [https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/candidemia.pdf]. When the candida infection spreads from your blood to other parts of your body like eyes, kidneys, liver and brain, it is known as Invasive Candidemia.   The fungus candida causes approximately 10% of blood infections acquired from the hospital. Candidemia generally develops over three weeks of admission in the ICU, especially if you have other health issues. The possibility of acquiring candidemia is high if you have been discharged from the hospital with a central nervous system catheter or undergoing cancer chemotherapy.   Fungal blood infection signs and symptoms:   * Fever, chills * Skin rash * Weakness and tiredness * Low blood pressure * Muscle pain * Changes in vision and eye infections * Headaches * Nerve problems * Abdominal pain   How to cure blood infection due to fungus?   Treatment for candidemia can be challenging especially if it has been spread to other organs. First step is to identify the source of the infection followed by treatment with antifungal medication. Some of the commonly preferred antifungal drugs [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/antifungal] include fluconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B and voriconazole.    HOW TO PREVENT BLOOD INFECTIONS [https://www.up.edu/ibc/files/up-bloodborne-pathogen-plan.pdf]   * Pay close attention to blood infection symptoms and signs if you experience any. * Maintain proper hygiene by washing hands regularly. * Keep your blood sugar levels under control. * Keep away from infected patients * Get vaccinated if possible. * Cover your broken or injured skin with a bandage until it heals completely. * Do not share your personal items like shaving razors, toothbrushes and towels with others. * Take hot showers and clean your body with soap after any physical activity. * Wear loose-fitting, breathable clothes.   PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE   Since exposure to infectious agents and its impact on you remains unpredictable, follow the safety methods to keep yourself safe from the consequences of getting infected.
Bhairavi
Anemia Can Be Cured - Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment
25 Sep 2021
10 mins
Anemia Can Be Cured - Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment Anemia is a disorder characterized by a deficiency of healthy red blood cells in the bloodstream.   It is a condition in which the body's red blood cells are either absent or malfunctioning as a result the body's organs receive less oxygen.   Anemia comes in a variety of types, each with its own set of symptoms and causes. Anemia can be minor to severe, and it can be short or long-term. A variety of factors can contribute to anemia. If you think you might have anemia and want to know how anemia can be cured, read this blog till the end. It can be a sign of something severe. Now let us first understand the types of anemia before its symptoms and causes.   TYPES OF ANEMIA    Anemia can take many forms, but all these results in decreased red blood cells [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/haematology/low-platelet-count] in blood circulation. There are various types of anemia, which includes:   * Sickle-cell anemia: It is a genetic disorder in which the body produces sickle-shaped red blood cells. The premature death of these abnormally shaped red blood cells results in a persistent lack of RBC's. * Aplastic Anemia: This is life-threatening anemia caused by a reduction in the bone marrow's ability to create new red blood cells. Aplastic Anemia is said to be caused by infections and autoimmune disorders. * Iron-deficiency anemia: A lack of iron in the body causes this type of chronic anemia. Your bone marrow needs iron to produce haemoglobin, a protein molecule found in red blood cells. The body can't make enough haemoglobin for your red blood cells if it doesn't have enough iron.   After understanding these types of anemia, it is equally important to understand the symptoms of anemia.   WHEN TO VISIT THE DOCTOR?   When you are exhausted and don't know when to schedule an appointment with your doctor. Don't panic! Stop assuming that just because you are feeling low, it means you are anemic. When people donate blood, they may discover that their hemoglobin levels are low, indicating severe anemia; observe various symptoms in yourself, and then make an appointment with your doctor.   Symptoms of anemia may include:   - You feel too much tired: An overall feeling of tiredness or exertion is one of the symptoms of anemia. If you have severe anemia, you may feel tired at times. However, one of the difficulties with fatigue in anemia is that everyone experiences and notices it differently. Some people just become wearier, while others experience fatigue as a result of physical exercise. There isn't enough hemoglobin if you don't get enough vitamin B12 or iron, and when you don't get enough hemoglobin, you don't get enough oxygen to power your body. As a result, when you have anemia, you become excessively exhausted.   -Your skin looks Paler: You can't expect your skin, your body's largest organ, to look healthy if you don't have enough Red blood cells (RBCs)to power your vital organs with oxygen. Without enough iron or vitamin B12, the blood supply to your skin may be insufficient, causing your skin to appear whiter and even shallow.   -Your hands and feet are cold: If you notice that your hands and feet are too cold than usual, it could be an indication of iron deficiency or anemia.  RBCs use iron to help them carry heat and nourishment to the rest of your body's cells. As a result, if you are deficient, your hands and feet will be too cold.   -You suffer severe headaches: Most people get headaches from time to time due to a lack of sleep, stress, or illness. However, if you get an unusually high number of headaches, get checked by the doctor. Anemia-related headaches can range from moderate to severe, resembling a migraine. Iron deficiency means your brain isn't getting enough oxygen.   -Shortness of breath or feeling dizzy: If you don't get enough iron or vitamin B12, your body won't be able to create enough hemoglobin, a kind of protein required for the proper functioning of RBCs (red blood cells). Haemoglobin, which contains a lot of iron and gives blood its red color, allows oxygen to attach to the body's cells so that the cells may carry it through the bloodstream. Certain portions of your body will not receive enough oxygen if you don't have enough iron or vitamin B12 in your body to make enough haemoglobin. It causes shortness of breath. Furthermore, receiving a small amount of oxygen to your head will make you feel dizzy.   -You have a craving for unusual or non-nutritional foods: You crave non-nutritional meals like ice cubes, baking soda, or even pencils, which is one of the most strange and silent symptoms of anemia that you should never ignore. Surprisingly, doctors and academics are still confused as to; why patients want unusual items to consume or chew.   If you are experiencing any of these anemia symptoms, you should consult a doctor for a proper diagnosis to learn more about the type of anemia you have. It would also aid in the treatment of the condition in a more effective and timely manner. After comprehending the symptoms, you should now understand the causes of anemia to prevent it.   CAUSES OF ANEMIA   The most prevalent cause of anemia is iron deficiency. There are a variety of reasons why a person may become iron deficient. These are some of them: * Inadequate iron consumption: A deficit in your body might occur if you eat too little iron for a lengthy period. Iron is present in multiple foods, including meat, eggs, and various green leafy vegetables. Since iron is necessary during rapid growth and formation, pregnant ladies and infants may require even more iron-rich diets. * Iron absorption problems: The way your body absorbs iron can also get hampered by some intestinal problems or procedures. Even if you eat a balanced diet rich in iron, intestinal surgery such as gastric bypass may reduce the amount of iron your body absorbs. * Menstruation: Iron deficiency anemia is more common in women who haven't gone through menopause than postmenopausal women. The loss of red blood cells occurs during menstruation. * Other causes of anemia are blood loss, lack of red blood cell formation, and a high rate of red blood cell breakdown.   TREATMENT OF ANEMIA   Anemia can be cured and there is no need to worry as there are different types of treatment for different types of anemia. Learn more : * Iron deficiency anemia: This type of chronic anemia is usually treated by taking iron pills and modifying your diet. For some people, this may involve getting iron through their veins. Suppose a source of blood loss other than menstruation is the cause of iron deficiency anemia. In that case, it is necessary to identify the origin of the bleeding and control it. It could necessitate surgery. * Sickle cell anemia: The treatment may include oxygen, pain medications, and oral, intravenous fluids. Doctors recommend blood transfusions [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion] and antibiotics. Sickle cell anemia gets treated by hydroxyurea, a cancer medication. * Aplastic Anemia: Blood transfusions treat anemia by increasing the number of red blood cells in the body. If your bone marrow cannot produce healthy blood cells, you may require a bone marrow transplant.   It is also required to understand how to prevent anemia for the sake of a better future. * You need to consume tofu, green and leafy vegetables, lentils, beans, iron-fortified cereals and bread as they are all high in iron. * Consume vitamin C-rich foods and beverages. * Do not consume tea and coffee along with your meals since they can impact overall iron absorption. * If your job requires you to work with lead-containing materials such as batteries, gasoline, or paint, make sure you follow all safety precautions. These are some of the things you should do to prevent anemia.  After knowing that anemia can be cured, you can now take immediate action on seeing the symptoms in the patients.  
Pratiksha