• Chronic constipation
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Preoperative bowel preparation
• Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
• Irritable bowel syndrome

The therapeutic effect of Duphalac Bulk Oral Solution is primarily to relieve constipation and improve symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. It works by increasing the water content of the stool and promoting bowel movements, which makes it easier to pass stools and relieve constipation. In the case of hepatic encephalopathy, this medication reduces the number of toxins in the blood that affect brain function by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and reducing the pH in the colon, thus facilitating the excretion of these toxins through the stool. 

Inform your healthcare provider about all your medicines, including prescription, over-the-counter, nutritional or vitamin supplements, and herbal products. Certain medications may interact with Duphalac Bulk Oral Solution, reducing effectiveness by causing undesirable side effects.

• Store at temprature between 20-25°C (68-77°F).
• Keep away from moisture, heat, and light.
• It should not be frozen.
• Keep it in its original packaging until it is ready to be used.
• Keep out of the reach of children and pets.

Duphalac Bulk Oral Solution is usually taken orally in liquid form. The medication may be taken with or without food, and the dosage and frequency of use will depend on the individual's condition and response to treatment.

Duphalac Bulk Oral Solution cause some side effects like all medications, although not everyone will experience them. 

Serious:

• Electrolyte imbalance
• Dehydration
• Severe diarrhea
• Rectal bleeding
• Confusion or disorientation
• Muscle weakness or tremors
• Seizures

Common:

• Flatulence (gas)
• Abdominal cramps or discomfort
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache 

Duphalac Bulk Oral Solution is a laxative and should not be used to treat sudden or severe constipation, bowel obstruction, or abdominal pain without first consulting with a healthcare provider. You should contact your healthcare provider if you experience any unexpected side effects while using Duphalac Bulk Oral Solution. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider before using it. Individuals with diabetes should monitor their blood sugar levels closely while using this medication, as it can affect blood glucose levels. To promote good digestive health, patients should maintain a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise. This medicine should not be used as a substitute for healthy lifestyle practices. If you have any concerns or questions about your digestive health, it is best to consult with a healthcare provider.

1. Braintree Laboratories, Inc, US Food and Drug Administration, [Revised on Feb 2020] [Accessed on 11th May 2023], https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/211281s000lbl.pdf
2. Tetris Pharma Ltd, European Medical Agency (ema), [Revised on 11/12/2018] [ Accessed on 11th May 2023], https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/13211/smpc